Apparatus and method for predictive control of a power generation system

ABSTRACT

A method for controlling a power system control area according to a first and a second control performance standard, wherein operation of the control area determines area control parameter values. The method comprises (a) determining a first compliance target for the first performance standard and a second compliance target for the second performance standard ( 100/200 ); (b) determining a first performance standard statistical measure responsive to the control area parameter values from a beginning of a first compliance period to a time at which the first average is determined ( 108 ); (c) determining a second performance standard statistical measure responsive to the control area parameter values from a beginning of a second compliance period to a time at which the second average is determined; (d) determining a first area control parameter target responsive to the first performance standard statistical measure ( 116 ); (e) determining a second area control parameter target responsive to the second performance standard statistical measure ( 204 ); (f) determining a first area control parameter correction responsive to the first area control parameter target and the area control parameter values ( 150 ); (g) determining a second area control parameter correction responsive to the second area control parameter target and the area control parameter values ( 228 ) and (h) controlling the power system according to one or both of the first and the second area control parameter corrections ( 154/232 ).

The present application claims the benefit under Section 119(e) of theprovisional patent application filed on Mar. 8, 2006 and assignedapplication No. 60/780,136, and also of the provisional patentapplication filed on Mar. 7, 2006 and assigned application No.60/779,845.

FIELD OF THE INVENTION

The present invention relates generally to control of a powergeneration/load management system and more specifically to predictivecontrol of the power generation/load management system responsive tocertain control performance standards.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

The electrical power system (grid) includes generating sites,transmission lines, distribution equipment and end uses (loads). Theelectricity is generated competitively at multiple power plants andtransmitted from the generating sites over the transmission linesregulated by the Federal Energy Regulatory Commission (FERC). Generationand transmission of the electricity are usually managed and controlledby regional entities that monitor generating capacity, real-timegeneration and loads, grid operations, market operations (buying andselling of electricity and delivery of the electricity to the buyingparty), system security and other aspects of the electric power system.There are a number of organizations responsible for overseeing powergeneration, transmission and distribution activities. Such controllingorganizations include regional independent system operators (ISOs),regional transmission organizations (RTOs), reliability coordinators andutility companies. The transmission lines, which may be located indifferent states, are typically owned by an electric utility or atransmission company.

For safe and efficient operation of the power system, the generatedelectricity must instantaneously and continuously match the electricalload (i.e., the consumption and generation must be held in balance).Further the grid alternating current frequency (and thus the frequencyof each generating unit) must be maintained within a very narrow rangearound 60 Hz. Excess generation causes the system frequency to increasewhile deficit generation causes the frequency to decrease. Although itis impossible to maintain a perfect generation and load balance, activecontrol systems attempt to do this by constantly adjusting the poweroutput of the generators. In addition to load imbalance, systemfrequency deviations from 60 Hz may also be caused by generators thatare not properly meeting their desired generation targets, leading toover-generation or under-generation.

Small frequency deviations (e.g., less than about ±0.05 Hz) do notdegrade system reliability or market efficiency (the buying and sellingof electricity and transmission of the electricity over transmissionlines connecting the generator to the load). Large frequency deviationsfrom the nominal 60 Hz (e.g., 0.1 Hz), such as caused by the sudden lossof a generator can damage generation, transmission and load equipment,degrade product quality (causing lights to flicker, for example),collapse the power system (by triggering protective system actions, forexample) and overload transmission lines as the remaining generatorssupply additional electricity to those lines in an attempt to restorethe system frequency. Although the power system is designed to quicklyrecover from the loss of a generator, recovery typically takes severalminutes. For example, the loss of a 2600 MW generator in a relativelysmall grid causes the frequency to drop by about 0.08 Hz and recover inabout 10 minutes. Recovery is typically accomplished by trippinggenerators off line to overcome an over-frequency condition and sheddingload to overcome an under frequency condition

The power system is divided into control areas (there are approximately153 control areas (CAs) in the United States) with each control areaexercising some control over the system frequency. An inter-area controlsystem, referred to as an area generation control system ensures thatall areas cooperate to control the system frequency. An area controlerror (ACE), computed for each area within the AGC system indicates theamount of frequency control coordination that a control area is requiredto contribute to the inter-area system. Use of the ACE spreads theeconomic burden of frequency control to all participating generators inall control areas. System reliability is thereby enhanced by avoidingreliance on a few generators for system frequency control, improving thesystem's ability to respond to transient conditions. The ACE valueprovides a technique to balance frequency maintenance across the entiresystem.

A frequency bias term is added to the ACE balancing equation to refinefrequency control. The nominal target frequency is periodicallyincreased or decreased by about 0.02 Hz to adjust the long term averagefrequency. Under normal operating conditions the frequency is controlledvery tightly.

Balancing aggregate load with aggregate generation in a control area isaccomplished through several services that are distinguished by the timeframe over which they operate. Under normal operating conditions (i.e.,no system disturbances) these services include regulation and loadfollowing. Regulation uses on-line generation capacity or storedcapacity that is equipped with automatic generation control (AGC) thatcan change output quickly to compensate for minute-to-minutefluctuations in area load and unintended fluctuations in generation. Atypical large fossil-fired plant thermal generator may be able to ramp1% of its capacity in one minute. Smaller units can and combustionturbines can ramp faster. Loads are controlled by a load sheddingfunction that can shed or restore loads as desired.

Load following uses on-line generation, stored capacity or load sheddingequipment to compensate for the inter-hour and intra-hour load ramping.The regulation and load following differ only in the time period overwhich they operate.

Control area operators are not required to specifically procure loadfollowing generation. Instead, the required generation is procured inthe short term energy market responsive to the real time energy pricesand expected loads. Regulation, however, requires faster response thanobtainable from units responding solely to market conditions, Instead,generators (and potentially energy storage units) offer capacity thatcan be controlled by the system operator's AGC system to balance thesystem's generation and load.

The control area operator is responsible for controlling its generatingunits. The AGC system calculates the control command for each generatingunit (that is, each generating unit that is under AGC control) andissues the control signal to the generating unit on a per AGC controlcycle basis. The AGC control cycle is the rate at which control signalsare issued to the generating units. Typically the control cycle is fourseconds, but it can be as short as two seconds or as long as fiveseconds. Thus the AGC system regulates the power output of the controlarea electric generators in response to changes in system frequency,loading on the interconnected system and the relation of these twoparameters. The AGC system attempts to maintain the scheduled systemfrequency and established power interchange with other control areas,within predetermined limits. The AGC system monitors and controls powergeneration with the objectives of minimizing ACE, minimizing operatingcosts, maintaining generation at fixed (base load) values, maintainingnet interchange power to the scheduled interchange power, maintainingactual system frequency at the scheduled frequency, and providing forramp generation in a linear fashion according as scheduled.

Each control area is not able and not required to perfectly matchgeneration and load. Generating an amount of electricity that is inexact equilibrium with the load is extremely difficult and impractical.Instead, control area operators strive to continually alternate betweenover and under generation. For example, a control area may impose atarget of crossing the break even point (i.e., a zero ACE value) fifteentimes per hour.

The North American Electric Reliability Council (NERC) has establishedrules governing how well each control area must balance load andgeneration. Control performance standards 1 and 2 (CPS 1 and 2)establish statistical limits on how well each control area must balanceminute-to-minute fluctuations without degrading system reliability,where the system comprises multiple interconnected control areas. Sincea balanced total system is desired, when one control area fails tobalance its load and generation, generation in another control areaprovides the required balancing energy.

CPS1 and CPS2 are standards that measure overall control areaperformance. CPS1 measures the relationship between the control area'sACE and the system (i.e., interconnected control areas) frequency on aone-minute average basis for the previous eleven months back from thecurrent minute (i.e., a rolling average). When the current minute is thelast minute of the calendar month, the CPS1 indicates the relationshipfor the previous eleven months plus the current month now ended. Thetwelve month moving window period includes the current month (to thelast day and minute of the current month) and the previous elevenmonths. Each month refers to an entire calendar month, that is, from thefirst day of a month to the last day of the same month. For example, ifthe current date is Mar. 5, 2007, the twelve month period runs from Apr.1, 2006 00:00:00 to Mar. 31, 2007 23:59:59.

CPS1 represents a correlation of the clock-minute frequency deviationaverage (where clock-minute average refers to the average of all theinstantaneous values (e.g., one measured or telemetered instantaneousvalue every four seconds) during a clock minute) and the clock-minuteACE average over a rolling 12 month period. When the system frequency isabove its reference, under generation benefits the system(interconnected control areas) by lowering the system frequency andimproves the CPS1 value. Over generation at such times, however, tendsto worsen the CPS1 value. Thus CPS1 distinguishes betweengeneration/load imbalances that help to restore the system frequency (afavorable CPS1 value) and those that degrade the system frequency (anunfavorable CPS1 value). The component parameters of CPS1 are determinedevery minute but the CPS1 values is evaluated and reported on a 12 monthrolling average basis. NERC regulations require that each control areamust be no less than 100% compliant with CPS1.

CPS2, a monthly performance standard, sets specific control area limitson the maximum ACE for every real time (clock time) 10 minute period.Control areas are permitted to exceed the CPS2 limit no more than 10% ofthe time, that is, a 90% compliance with the CPS2 value is required.Thus a control area can have no more than an average of about 14.4 CPS2violations per day during each month. The CPS2 reference to the currentmonth means a calendar month, Mar. 1, 2007 00:00:00 to Mar. 31, 200723:59:59.

There is a need for a method and system that reduces the risk ofnon-compliance with the CPS1 and CPS2 control performance standards setby regulatory authorities such as NERC.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

According to a first embodiment, the invention comprises a method forcontrolling a power system control area according to a controlperformance standard, wherein operation of the control area determinesarea control parameter values and control performance standard values.The method comprises (a) determining a control performance standardcompliance target, (b) determining an average control performancestandard responsive to the control performance standard values from abeginning of a compliance period to a time t at which the average isdetermined, (c) determining an area control parameter target responsiveto the average control performance standard, (d) determining arelationship between the area control parameter values and the areacontrol parameter target over a prior time interval, (e) determining anarea control parameter correction responsive to the relationshipdetermined at a step (d), (f) controlling the power system control arearesponsive to the area control parameter correction and (g) periodicallyrepeating steps (b)-(f) until an end of the compliance period.

According to another embodiment, the invention comprises an apparatusfor controlling a power system control area according to a first and asecond control performance standard. The apparatus comprises a data basefor storing area control parameter values determined from operationalparameters of the power system control area, a first module fordetermining a first measure of a first control performance standardresponsive to the operational parameters from a beginning of a firstcompliance period to the time at which the first measure is determined,a second module for determining a second measure of a second controlperformance standard responsive to the operational parameters from abeginning of a second compliance period to the time at which the secondmeasure is determined, a third module for determining a first areacontrol parameter target responsive to the first measure and to acompliance target for the first control performance standard, and fordetermining a second area control parameter target responsive to thesecond measure and to a compliance target for the second controlperformance standard, a fourth module for determining a first areacontrol parameter correction responsive to a first area controlparameter target and the area control parameter values and fordetermining a second area control parameter correction responsive to thesecond area control parameter target and the area control parametervalues and a fifth module for controlling the power system control areaaccording to one or both of the first and the second area controlparameter corrections.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

The invention is explained in the following description in view of thedrawings that show:

FIG. 1 is a block diagram of elements of a power system to which theteachings of the present invention can be applied.

FIGS. 2 and 3 are software flowcharts illustrating the process fordetermining the predictive CPS1 and CPS2 values according to theteachings of the present invention.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

Before describing in detail the methods and apparatuses related topredictive control of a power generation system, it should be observedthat the present invention resides primarily in a novel and non-obviouscombination of elements and process steps. So as not to obscure thedisclosure with details that will be readily apparent to those skilledin the art, certain conventional elements and steps have been presentedwith lesser detail, while the drawings and the specification describe ingreater detail other elements and steps pertinent to understanding theinvention.

The following embodiments are not intended to define limits as to thestructure or method of the invention, but only to provide exemplaryconstructions The embodiments are permissive rather than mandatory andillustrative rather than exhaustive.

System operators (ISOs) are challenged to readily match changes in loadrequirements with power generation for their control areas. Currently,ISOs operate the system by reacting to power trends as well as scheduledpower interchanges with other areas. The ISO's are responsible formanaging the appropriate energy markets, typically including theday-ahead market, the hour-ahead market and the real-time market toensure that the system required energy and ancillary services (energyregulation, spinning reserve, non-spinning reserve, load following,reactive power reserve, etc.) are procured through the market mechanismsand the most economic dispatch instructions are provided to allparticipating market resources so that the overall system productioncost is minimized and all market participants are sharing the benefit ofthe competitive market.

Each control area within an ISO-governed region must ensure that it hassufficient power generation capacity, regulation capacity, spinningreserve capacity, etc. to serve its own load requirements before sellingits excess capacity on the market. As such, some of the generatingresources of the control area need to follow the ISO's economic dispatchinstructions. However, the control area is still responsible forcontrolling its generating units to meet the CPS1 and CPS2 controlperformance criteria.

The control area operators provide regulatory agencies with scheduleinformation detailing the amount and time interval over which the energywill be produced. These schedules vary over the course of a year, month,week, day and hour. Seasonal variations and special days such asholidays and weekends also affect the amount of energy generation.Despite knowing that such energy requirements vary considerably attimes, operators are tasked with the burden of meeting demand forreal-time and unanticipated energy shortages.

The automatic generation control (AGC) systems attempt to control thismismatch between sources of power and loads by balancing real-power andby stabilizing frequency. As a guide to power and load management, NERCpromulgates the CPS 1 and 2 standards that each control area mustsatisfy, i.e., 100% compliance for CPS1 and 90% compliance for CPS2, tominimize adverse effects on neighboring control areas of theinterconnection system.

Notwithstanding the CPS1 and CPS2 compliance requirements, a controlarea operator can establish a different CPS1 or CPS2 target to tightenor loosen control of its generating units depending on whether itsactual to-date CPS1 and CPS2 performance statistics are below or abovethe NERC mandated compliance targets. Such actions may reduce generatingunit costs, for example, but excessive control loosening may also createa substantial risk of missing the compliance target at the end of thecompliance period. Tightening control of the generators may ensurecompliance at the end of the period, but excessive tightening mayneedlessly increase costs. It would be advantageous for the control areaoperators to determine, in a quantitative sense, the degree to whichcontrol over the generating units can be tightened or loosened. Theteachings of the invention provide such a quantitative measure, thuspermitting more precise generator control without riskingnon-compliance.

As a measure of conformity to the control performance standards, thearea control error (ACE) factor is determined for a control area as anoverall indicator of how well the system frequency and the controlarea's net power interchange are controlled. For purposes ofillustration, the ACE equation is shown below in a slightly simplifiedform:

ACE=(I _(A) −I _(S))−10B(F _(A) −F _(S))  (1)

where I is the algebraic sum of incoming and outgoing power flows (inMW) on interconnection tie-lines (also referred to as interconnects orinter-ties) between a control area and its surrounding control areas, Fis the interconnection frequency (in Hz), the subscript A denotes actualpower/frequency, the subscript S denotes scheduled power/frequency and B(a negative number) is the control area's frequency bias (in MW/0.1 Hz).The frequency bias factor B is the amount of generation needed torespond to a 0.1 Hz change in interconnection frequency. It normallyequals the supply-plus-load response of a control area to a change ininterconnection frequency.

Since multiple control areas are connected to each other through theinter-ties, there is a single frequency that is universal to all thecontrol areas within the interconnected system or interconnection,referred to as the interconnection frequency. Thus any power outputchange of any generating unit for any control area within theinterconnection system impacts the interconnection frequency.

The first parenthetical term in equation (1) indicates control areaperformance in matching its scheduled net interchange power flow withits actual interchange power flow. The second term measures the effectof maintaining the interconnect frequency at its scheduled value. Theeffects represented by these two terms are independent. ACE measures howwell a control area manages its generation to match time-varying loadsand scheduled interchange power flows and frequency variations from thescheduled frequency.

As a further guide to performance, NERC has defined the minimum controlperformance standards, CPS1, CPS2 and DCS to allow the power utilitiesto relax control of their generating units, minimizing unit wear andtear and prolonging unit life span. The DCS parameter refers to adisturbance control standard that is not relevant to the presentinvention. CPS1 is defined by and satisfied if the following inequalityis true:

${{CPS}\; 1} = {{{AVG}_{12 - {month}}\lbrack {( \frac{{ACE}_{i}}{{- 10}\; B_{i}} )_{i}\Delta \; F_{i}} \rbrack} \leq ɛ_{i}^{2}}$

or equivalently,

$\begin{matrix}{{{CPS}\; 1} = {{( {2 - {{{AVG}_{12 - {month}}\lbrack {( \frac{{ACE}_{i}}{{- 10}\; B_{i}} )_{i}\Delta \; F_{i}} \rbrack}/ɛ_{i}^{2}}} ) \times 100\mspace{11mu} \%} \geq {100\mspace{11mu} \%}}} & (2)\end{matrix}$

where

AVG_(12-month) is the rolling twelve month average (including theprevious eleven months and the current month to the current minute) ofthe bracketed parameter;

ACE_(i) is the current clock-minute average ACE value;

B_(i) is the current clock-minute frequency bias value for the controlarea in MW/0.1 Hz (this parameter converts Hz in the AF term to MW forunits consistency with the ACE value in MW)

ε_(i) is the interconnections' targeted frequency bound in Hz; and

ΔF_(i) is the current clock-minute average frequency deviation in Hz.Generally, the subscript i refers to a clock-minute average, whereclock-minute average refers to the average of all the instantaneousvalues (e.g., one measured or telemetered value every four seconds, fora four second AGC cycle) that are measured during a clock minute, thatis from the first second of a clock minute to the last second of thesame clock minute, e.g., from 00:30:00 to 00:30:59.

In short, CPS1 measures the relationship between ACE and theinterconnection frequency on a one-minute or clock minute average basisfor a rolling twelve month period to the last minute of the currentmonth. Since the CPS1 criteria is a statistical value averaged over aperiod of 12 months (the previous eleven months plus the current month),according to the prior art the CPS1 value is calculated in non-real-timeto determine historical compliance performance.

The present invention teaches a method, system and computer softwareproduct for automatic generation control using predicted CPS1 values(and CPS2 values as further described below) to ensure compliance withthe CPS1 and CPS2 standards at the end of their respective complianceperiods.

In one application of the predictive CPS1 control of the presentinvention, a first memory that stores the historical performance datarequired to calculate CPS1 has a time delay of about 10 minutes. Usingthis stored data, in the worst-case scenario the historical performancedata required to calculate CPS1 is updated up to 20 minutes or less backfrom the current minute. The resulting calculated CPS1 value (absentperformance information for the immediately previous 20 minutes) isreferred to as historical compliance performance data.

A software application that determines the AGC control signal tracks andstores instantaneous performance data in a second memory, including datafor at least 20 minutes prior to the current minute. The historicalperformance data in the first memory and the performance data in thesecond memory can be used to calculate the CPS1 value for the previous12-month time period up to the current minute.

Using the historical performance data and performance data up to thecurrent minute, in one embodiment a software application determines theCPS1 value every minute (for example; other time intervals can be usedas desired). Since the CPS1 value represents an average, each calculatedCPS1 value indicates whether the historical performance to the currentminute is better or worse than the mandated compliance value. If theCPS1 value is substantially above the required compliance value, AGCcontrol can be relaxed for the rest of the current month. Since thegenerating units are controlled less frequently responsive to a relaxedAGC, the number of generator reversals is reduced, (a generating unitreversal refers to a control command to move the unit up/down at thelast AGC control cycle followed by a control command to move the unitdown/up at this AGC control cycle, i.e., unit movement changes directionover two consecutive AGC control cycles) generator wear and tear isreduced, the unit life span is extended and maintenance costs areminimized. However, excessive control relaxation may result innon-compliance at the end of the compliance period.

If the CPS1 value is substantially below the required compliance value,the AGC control should be tightened for the rest of the current month tomeet the compliance performance at the end of the twelve-month rollingaverage (the previous eleven months to the end of the current month).

Based on the real-time CPS1 value calculated at the end of each clockminute, which represents an average of the performance during the pasteleven months and during the current month to the current clock minute,a one-minute CPS1 compliance target for the remaining one-minuteintervals of the reporting period (i.e., to the end of the currentmonth) is determined. That is, if the system is controlled to implementthe CPS1 compliance target for the remaining minutes of the reportingperiod, then compliance with the CPS1 target at the end of the reportingperiod is assured.

However, since power system constraints may prevent implementation ofthe one-minute target for all future minutes of the compliance period,preferably the real-time CPS1 value is calculated at the end of eachminute of the compliance period and the determined one-minute compliancetarget is implemented during the next minute. Thus the CPS1 compliancetarget is periodically determined and applied to power system control.

To implement the one-minute CPS1 compliance target, a one-minute ACEtarget is calculated from the one-minute CPS1 compliance target. The ACEtarget applies to each AGC control cycle during the next clock minute(that is, the CPS1 compliance target and the ACE target are determinedat the end of a first clock minute and the ACE target is applied to allof the AGC control cycles during a second clock minute). The runningaverage instantaneous ACE during the second clock minute (i.e., theinstantaneous ACE values during the second clock minute averaged overthe elapsed time of the second clock minute) is calculated at the end ofeach AGC cycle and compared with the ACE target for that minute. An ACEcorrection value is determined responsive to the comparison results andapplied to the ACE value during the next AGC control cycle. If theabsolute value of the running average ACE is less than the correspondingone-minute ACE target, no CPS1 correction is needed.

Alternatively, a deviation between each of the instantaneous ACE valuesat each AGC control cycle during the second clock minute and the ACEtarget for the second clock minute is determined. These deviations aresummed and the ACE correction value is determined responsive to the sum.Either methodology yields the same correction value that is applied tothe instantaneous ACE of the next AGC cycle to form the CPS1 correctionamount. Application of the ACE correction value should (if the powersystem is not constrained from applying the full ACE correction value)bring the system into CPS1 compliance at the end of the current AGCcontrol cycle. As the process continues through subsequent AGC controlcycles and subsequent one-minute clock periods, continued application ofACE correction values will yield compliance at the end of the currentmonth.

Each of the clock minutes remaining in the reporting period from thecurrent clock minute is referred to as an intermediate clock minute.Thus the present invention determines a CPS1 compliant ACE target foreach intermediate clock minute at the end of each intermediate clockminute. Since the CPS1 value calculated at the end of the current-minutedepends on performance over the previous eleven calendar months plus allclock minutes of the current month including the immediately previousclock minute, the calculated ACE target will likely change every clockminute. That is, the calculated ACE target will likely be different foreach intermediate clock minute.

In another embodiment, to ensure an acceptable outcome at the end of themonth, a multiplier is defined (and can be modified) to scale down thecalculated one-minute ACE target.

For a control system operator to operate the system in such a way that asafe CPS1 compliance margin is achieved, equation (2) is rewritten asfollows:

$\begin{matrix}{{{CPS}\; 1} = {{( {2 - {{{AVG}_{12 - {month}}\lbrack {( \frac{{ACE}_{i}}{{- 10}B_{i}} )_{i}\Delta \; F_{i}} \rbrack}/ɛ_{1}^{2}}} ) \times 100\mspace{11mu} \%} \geq p_{{cps}\; 1}}} & (3)\end{matrix}$

where p_(cps1) is a user-selectable CPS1 compliance target that in oneembodiment equals 100% to ensure compliance with the NERC regulations.The p_(cps1) value should be selected to ensure that as the systemapproaches the end of the 12-month CPS1 compliance period, real timeoperations are conducted to minimize the likelihood of a CPS1 violationduring the last minutes of that compliance period. The operator canchange the CPS1 compliance target from a default value of 100% to adifferent value, for instance, 125% to assure a safe compliance marginfor the CPS1 value at the end of the compliance period.

A 12-month time period T has (n_(T)=365 days/year×24 hours/day×601-minute intervals/hour) 525,600 clock-minute time intervals. Let n_(t)denote the number of clock-minute intervals that have elapsed from thebeginning of the period T to the present time. Let n_(T-t) designate thenumber of remaining clock-minute time intervals to the end of period T.Let n_(T) designate the number of total clock-minute time intervalswithin the time period T.

To simplify the derivation that follows, define a random variable

$X = \lbrack {( \frac{{ACE}_{i}}{{- 10}B_{i}} )_{i}\Delta \; F_{i}} \rbrack$

Then the CPS1 standard can be equivalently expressed in probability termas

X=E{X}≦(2−p _(cps1))ε₁ ²  (4)

It is assumed that the expectation of X equals its time average for asufficiently long time period.

Let the average of X during the n_(t) clock-minute time period bedenoted by X ₁, and let the average of X during the remaining n_(T-t)clock-minute time periods be denoted by X ₂. Equation (4) can then bewritten as

$\overset{\_}{X} = {{{\frac{n_{t}}{n_{t} + n_{T - t}}{\overset{\_}{X}}_{1}} + {\frac{n_{T - t}}{n_{t} + n_{T - t}}{\overset{\_}{X}}_{2}}} \leq {( {2 - p_{{cps}\; 1}} )ɛ_{1}^{2}}}$

Note that n_(T)=n_(t)+n_(T-t), and n_(t), n_(T-t) and n_(T) are allknown and X ₁ can be computed as

${{AVG}_{{n_{t}{Clock}} - {{MinuteTime}\mspace{14mu} {Intervals}}}\lbrack {( \frac{{ACE}_{i}}{{- 10}\; B_{i}} )_{i}\Delta \; F_{i}} \rbrack}.$

Therefore,

X ₂≦[(n _(t) +n _(T-t))(2−p _(cps1))ε₁ ² −n _(t) X ₁ ]/n _(T-t)

where X ₂ represents a statistical target for

$\lbrack {( \frac{{ACE}_{i}}{{- 10}\; B_{i}} )_{i}\Delta \; F_{i}} \rbrack$

the remaining n_(T-t) clock-minute time horizon. This target valuedepends on the CPS1 performance to the current clock minute, asreflected in the parameter X ₁.

Thus if the condition

$\begin{matrix}{{\overset{\_}{X}}_{2} = {\lbrack {( \frac{{ACE}_{i}}{{- 10}\; B_{i}} )_{i}\Delta \; F_{i}} \rbrack \leq {\lbrack {{( {n_{t} + n_{T - t}} )( {2 - p_{{cps}\; 1}} )ɛ_{1}^{2}} - {n_{t}{\overset{\_}{X}}_{1}}} \rbrack/n_{T - t}}}} & (5)\end{matrix}$

is satisfied for every clock-minute for the remaining n_(T-t)clock-minute time horizon, then the control area operator can achievethe desired performance governed by the equation set forth above, i.e.,

X ₂≦[(n _(t) +n _(T-t))(2−p _(cps)1)ε₁ ² −n _(t) X ₁ ]/n _(T-t).  (6)

Thus X ₂ can be computed from the known values on the right of theinequality of equation (6). Further, the ACE target (ACE_(i)) based onthe determined X ₂ value can be computed according to the left side ofequation (5). To make this calculation a value for the parameterclock-minute average frequency error ΔF_(i) must be assumed. In oneembodiment the clock-minute average frequency error ΔF_(i) for theprevious clock minute is used as the value to calculate the ACE targetfrom equation (5). Also, the previous value of the clock-minute averagefrequency bias B_(i) can be used for the equation (5) calculation. Otherrepresentative values can be used for the ΔF_(i) and B_(i) terms inequation (5). The ACE target value from equation (5) represents the CPS1control amount.

Therefore, if ΔF_(i)>0, then

ACE _(i)≦{[(n _(t) +n _(T-t))(2−p _(cps1))ε₁ ² −n _(t) X ₁ ]/n_(T-t)}(−10B _(i))/ΔF_(i)  (7)

If ΔF_(i)<0, then

ACE _(i)≧{[(n _(t) +n _(T-t))(2−p _(cps1))ε₁ ² −n _(t) X ₁ ]/n_(T-t)}(−10B _(i))/ΔF _(i)  (8)

In another less aggressive embodiment, the largest absolute valueclock-minute average frequency error ΔF_(i) denoted by

(ΔF _(i))_(m)=max_(i)({|ΔF _(i)|})sign(ΔF _(i)),

during a past time period (for instance, the previous 30-minute timeperiod) is used to calculate the current clock-minute ACE target fromequation (5). The sign of (ΔF_(i))_(m) is the same as the sign of ΔF_(i)

According to this embodiment the clock-minute ACE target is calculatedas

ACE _(i)={[(n _(t) +n _(T-t))(2−p _(cps1))ε₁ ² −n _(t) X ₁ ]/n_(T-t)}(−10B _(i))/(ΔF _(i))_(m)  (9)

To provide the operator with additional system operating flexibility, inanother embodiment a gain value for (ΔF_(i))_(m) (that is, a factormultiplying (ΔF_(i))_(m) in equation (9)) is introduced and denoted byg_(ΛF). In a default embodiment the gain value is one resulting in theexpression of equation (9). When the CPS1 value to date (the past elevenmonths and the current month to the current time) is deemed more thansatisfactory, the operator can change the gain to a smaller value henceincreasing the magnitude of the clock-minute ACE target (relaxing thetarget ACE control, which is desired from a power system cost andoperational perspective). When the CPS1 value to date is deemed lessthan satisfactory, the operator can use a larger gain value, making theclock-minute ACE target magnitude smaller (requiring more exacting (andcostly) power system control to implement the smaller ACE value) andthus increase the amount of implemented CPS1 correction. In either case,the CPS1 compliance values must be satisfied at the end of thecompliance period as mandated by the NERC.

If an excessively small gain value is selected by the operator, the CPS1value may be non-compliant at the end of the compliance period,suggesting that a change to a larger gain value is warranted.Implementation of the teachings of the present invention assist withthis compliance effort.

Accordingly, for the gain-included embodiment, the clock-minute ACEtarget is obtained as:

ACE _(i,Target)={[(n _(t) +n _(T-t))(2−p _(cps1))ε₁ ² −n _(t) X ₁ ]/n_(T-t)}(−10B _(i))/g _(ΛF)×(ΔF _(i))_(m)  (10)

According to one embodiment the CPS1 based correction and thecorresponding one-minute ACE target are determined by first determiningan upper one-minute ACE target ACE_(i) ^(U) and a lower one-minute ACEtarget ACE_(i) ^(L) defined as follows. This embodiment uses the gainfactor and the parameter (ΔF_(i))_(m).

ACE _(i) ^(U)=|{[(n _(t) +n _(T-t))(2−p _(cps1))ε₁ ² −n _(t) X ₁ ]/n_(T-t)}(−10B _(i))/g _(ΛF)×(ΔF _(i))_(m|)  (11)

ACE _(i) ^(L)=−{[(n _(t) +n _(T-t))(2−p _(cps1))ε₁ ² −n _(t) X ₁ ]/n_(T-t)}(−10B _(i))/g _(ΛF)×(ΔF _(i))_(m|)  (12)

These clock-minute ACE targets are calculated every minute, which is theshortest time granularity that is meaningful for the twelve month CPS1reporting period.

The CPS1 compliant control scheme demands that the CPS-based AGC mustissue appropriate control actions such that the absolute value of thecurrent one-minute average ACE (average of the instantaneous ACE valuesover the current minute) is below the absolute value of the calculatedCPS1 one-minute average ACE target, as shown in Eq. (10), subject tosystem constraints.

The corrective control amount (or simply correction) based on the CPS1control scheme of the present invention is calculated as follows andused to determine the system total desired generation that is applicableduring each AGC cycle j of each clock minute i according to thefollowing method.

-   -   I. Calculate the CPS1 upper target ACE_(i) ^(U) and lower target        ACE_(i) ^(L) for the current one-minute time interval according        to Eqs. (11) and (12).    -   II. Calculate the deviations of the instantaneous area control        error ACE_(j), where the subscript j denotes an AGC control        cycle j during a clock minute i, from both the upper and lower        one-minute average ACE targets. The deviation of ACE from its        upper target is denoted by Delta_ACE_(j,From) _(—) _(Upper) and        calculated as Delta_ACE_(j,From) _(—) _(upper)=ACE_(j)−ACE_(i)        ^(U); and similarly, the deviation of ACE from its lower target        is denoted by Delta_ACE_(j,From) _(—) _(Lower) and calculated as        Delta_ACE_(j,From) _(—) _(Lower)=ACE_(j)−ACE_(i) ^(L).        -   The number of calculated deviations is determined by the            number of control cycles during the current minute i. For a            four second control cycle, 15 deviation values are            determined during the minute i.    -   III. Sum the Delta_ACE_(j,From) _(—) _(Upper) values and the        Delta_ACE_(j,From) _(—) _(Lower) values respectively, from the        beginning of the current one-minute time interval i to the        previous AGC control cycle j−1 (the previous AGC control cycle        is included in the sum). Denote these sums by Sum_dACE_(i,From)        _(—) _(Upper) ^(j) and Sum_dACE_(i,From) _(—) _(Lower) ^(j)        since they are determined at the control cycle j within the        clock minute i.    -   IV. Record the number of AGC control cycles from the beginning        of the current one-minute time interval up to the previous AGC        control cycle j−1 and denote this number as Sum_Cycles_(i) ^(j).        For example assume processing is in the middle of a clock minute        at 10:33:24. Within the current clock minute 10:33:00 to        10:33:59, there are still 35 seconds remaining. For the elapsed        time of 24 seconds in this clock minute, the deviations are        accumulated and the number of AGC control cycles (24/4=6 if the        control cycle time is 4 seconds) are counted. Similarly sum all        the instantaneous ACE values from the beginning of the current        one-minute time interval up to the previous AGC control cycle        j−1 and denote this number by Sum_ACE_(i) ^(j).    -   V. Calculate the running one-minute ACE average Avg1_ACE_(i)        ^(j) for the one-minute time period up to the previous AGC        control cycle j−1 as

${Avg1\_ ACE}_{i}^{j} = {\frac{{Sum\_ ACE}_{i}^{j}}{{Sum\_ Cycles}_{i}^{j}}.}$

-   -   VI. Determine the correction amount as follows:        -   a. If 0≦Avg1_ACE_(i) ^(j)<ACE_(i) ^(j), correction amount is            0, this implies that no CPS1 correction is needed.        -   b. If ACE_(i) ^(L)<Avg1_ACE_(i) ^(j)<0, correction amount is            0, this implies that no CPS1 correction is needed.        -   c. Otherwise, there will be CPS1 correction, and the            correction amount Correction_(j) is calculated as follows:

   If Avg1_ACE_(i) ^(j) ≧ ACE_(i) ^(U), then Correction_(j)=−(Sum_dACE_(i,From) _(—) _(Upper) ^(j−1) + ACE_(j))=−(Sum_dACE_(i,From) _(—) _(Upper) ^(j + ACE) _(i) ^(U))    IfAvg1_ACE_(i) ^(j) ≦ ACE_(i) ^(L), then Correction_(j)=−(Sum_dACE_(i,From) _(—) _(Lower) ^(j−1 +) ACE_(j))=−(Sum_dACE_(i,From) _(—) _(Lower) ^(j) + ACE_(i) ^(L))

The first term in the correction expression is simply an integral actionthat is applied as negative feedback to reduce the accumulated deviationof the instantaneous ACE from its one-minute average ACE. Thiscorrection (as an absolute value) is clamped to the system-allowedsingle AGC cycle maximum correction quantity. That is, although theabove equations calculate the desired correction, the desired correctionis constrained by the system's physical capacity. For example, thepresent invention may determine a 100 MW correction for an AGC controlcycle, but the system has a physical constraint that permits only a 50MW correction. Thus the actual implemented correction is reduced fromthe desired 100 MW to 50 MW.

Since CPS2 control (described further below) has higher priority thanCPS1 control, if CPS2 correction and CPS1 correction are in the samedirection, the larger correction amount is used for AGC control; if CPS1correction and CPS2 correction are in opposite directions, only CPS2correction is used for AGC control, and CPS1 correction is ignored; ifCPS1 correction is zero and CPS2 is non-zero, CPS2 correction is usedfor AGC control; if CPS2 correction is zero and CPS1 is non-zero, CPS1correction is used for AGC control; if both CPS1 correction and CPS2correction are zero, no CPS correction is included in the AGC control.

If the instantaneous ACE values do not change sign during an entireclock-minute, then the control scheme of the present inventiondetermines a clock-minute ACE target that has the same sign as theinstantaneous ACE values, which is desired to minimize the controleffort. That is, this technique loosens the AGC control or minimizes thefrequency of AGC control and also the control magnitude.

If the instantaneous ACE values change sign during a clock-minute,correction to the clock-minute ACE target that has the same sign as therunning clock-minute ACE average is the least correction that the systemrequires to move the running clock-minute ACE average within the rangedetermined by the lower and upper clock-minute ACE targets. Theaccumulation of deviation from any one clock-minute ACE target partiallycancels the accumulation of deviation from the other clock-minute ACEtargets.

For the first AGC cycle of a clock minute, if ACE is outside the desiredrange determined by the clock-minute ACE targets then the correctionwill be a negative ACE.

It can be shown that by following the above control scheme, if thesystem responds to implement the determined corrections, the sum of ACEdeviation from the ACE target will be constrained within the desiredrange determined by the upper ACE target and the lower ACE target.

According to another embodiment a dead band is added to each of the twoclock-minute ACE targets to avoid swinging the running clock-minute ACEaverage around the clock-minute ACE targets. Such a scenario can betriggered by any random factors that affect ACE. The dead-band alsoreduces the likelihood that the clock-minute ACE average will extendoutside the desired range near the end of any clock minute.

For example, specify the dead band of the upper clock-minute ACE targetas 10% of this ACE target.

-   -   If ACE_(i) ^(U)>Avg1_ACE_(i) ^(j)≧0.9*ACE_(i) ^(U) and        0≦Avg1_ACE_(i) ^(j−1)<0.9*ACE_(i) ^(U), no CPS1 correction is        issued.    -   If ACE_(i) ^(U)>Avg1_ACE_(i) ^(j)≧0.9*ACE_(i) ^(U) and        Avg1_ACE_(i) ^(j−1)≧ACE_(i) ^(U), CPS1 correction is issued.    -   If Avg1_ACE_(i) ^(j)≧ACE_(i) ^(U), CPS1 correction is issued.    -   If 0≦Avg1_ACE_(i) ^(j)<0.9*ACE_(i) ^(U), no CPS1 correction is        issued.

In another embodiment, the present invention predictively controls theCPS2 performance criteria (a statistical value over the current month)to avoid non-compliance. Using historical performance data up to theprevious clock 10-minute interval, the present invention determines thehistorical compliance performance. If the CPS2 value is well above therequired compliant value, then the AGC control can be relaxed for theremainder of the current month; if it is well below the requiredcompliant value, the AGC control should be tightened for the rest of thecurrent month to meet the required compliance performance at the end ofthe month.

According to the invention, at the beginning of each clock 10-minuteperiod a compliance target is calculated based on previous performance.The ten-minute ACE target for the current ten-minute period iscalculated from the compliance target. To be conservative, oneembodiment defines a multiplier (the value of which can be changed bythe user/operator) to scale the calculated ten-minute ACE target.

With the ten-minute ACE target determined, at each AGC cycle of theclock 10-minute period, the running average ACE is calculated andmonitored against the associated ten-minute ACE target. Specifically,the deviation of the instantaneous ACE from the ten-minute ACE target isaccumulated at each previous AGC cycle of the current ten-minute periodand the accumulated value is added to the instantaneous ACE of thecurrent AGC cycle to form the CPS2 correction amount. If the absolutevalue of the running 10-minute average ACE is less than thecorresponding ten-minute ACE target no CPS2 correction is needed.

For CPS2 the NERC requires a 90% compliance for 10-minute ACE averagesover a one month period. The CPS2 standard can be defined as:

Avg_(10-minute)[ACE_(i)]≦L₁₀

where:

-   -   ACE_(i) is the instantaneous tie-line bias ACE value    -   L₁₀=L_(pr)·ε₁₀·√{square root over ((−10B _(i))(−10B        _(s)))}{square root over ((−10B _(i))(−10B _(s)))}    -   ε₁₀ is the constant derived from the targeted frequency bound in        Hz.    -   L_(pr) is the constant equal to 1.65 used to convert the        frequency target to yield the 90% probability value    -   B_(i) is the frequency bias of the control area in MW/0.1 Hz    -   B_(s) is the frequency bias of the interconnection in MW/0.1 Hz.

One month (for example, in the case of a 30-day month) has 30 days×24hours×6 10-minute intervals), that is, T=4320 10-minute time intervals.Denote the current time interval with t. n_(t) denotes the number ofvalid ACE_(10-min) values (instantaneous ACE values averaged over tenminutes) and v_(t) the number of CPS2 non-compliant intervals to thepresent interval t. n_(T-t) denotes the number of remaining timeintervals to the end of the T time intervals. There will be v_(T-t) CPS2violations during the remainder of the compliance period.

To comply with the CPS2 standard with 90% compliance at the end of Ttime intervals, the following relation should be satisfied. A variablecompliance target p_(cps2) is used in the equation; in one embodimentthe compliance target default value is 90%, where the numeratorindicates the number of non-compliant ten minute intervals (pastnon-compliant intervals plus future non-compliant intervals) during thecurrent month and the denominator indicates the number of compliantten-minute intervals during the current month.

$\begin{matrix}{{\frac{v_{t} + v_{T - t}}{n_{t} + n_{T - t}} \leq {1 - p_{{cps}\; 2}}}{or}{{\frac{v_{T - t}}{n_{T - t}} \leq {( {1 - p_{{cps}\; 2}} ) + \frac{{( {1 - p_{{cps}\; 2}} ) \cdot n_{t}} - v_{t}}{n_{T - 1}}}} = p_{T - t}}} & (13)\end{matrix}$

where p_(T-t) represents the violation probability target threshold forthe remaining T−t time horizon (the remaining clock ten-minute timeperiods), and (1−p_(T-t)) represents the expected minimum compliancetarget for the remaining T−t clock ten-minute time periods. Note thatp_(T-t) can be lower or higher than (1−p_(cps2)) (having a default valueof 0.1) depending on performance to the present time interval t.

The variable p_(cps2) is introduced in equation (13) in one embodimentto enable the operator to specify a compliance target (for example 92%,which is different than the mandated 90% target) to allow a safetymargin to ensure that the compliance target is not violated.

The CPS2 criteria can be expressed in probability terms as

P{|[ ACE₁₀ ]|≦L₁₀}≧p_(cps2)

where [ ACE₁₀ ] is a random variable that represents the ten-minute ACEaverages over one month.

Let B₁₀=ε₁₀·√{square root over ((−10B_(i))(−10B_(s)))}{square root over((−10B_(i))(−10B_(s)))} then L₁₀=1.65B₁₀

It is assumed in NERC's CPS criteria derivation that [ ACE₁₀ ] has anormal distribution with an expected value of zero and a standarddeviation of σ_([ ACE₁₀ ]) (where σ_([ ACE₁₀ ]) ²=E{[ ACE₁₀ ]²}).

To simplify, normalize [ ACE₁₀ ] such that

ace ₁₀=[ ACE₁₀ ]/σ_([) ACE₁₀ ]

Then ace₁₀ has a standard normal distribution with expected value ofzero and a standard deviation of one. Its probability density functionis

${p(x)} = {\frac{1}{\sqrt{2\pi}}\exp {\{ {- \frac{x^{2}}{2}} \}.}}$

Now CPS2 criteria can be rewritten in terms of ace₁₀ as follows:

P{|ace ₁₀ |≦L ₁₀/σ_([) ACE₁₀ ]}≧p _(cps2)

For any non-negative y, there exists a unique non-negative x such that

$\begin{matrix}{{P\{ {{{ace}_{10}} \leq x} \}} = {{\frac{1}{\sqrt{2\pi}}{\int_{- x}^{x}{\exp \{ {- \frac{t^{2}}{2}} \} {t}}}} = y}} & (14)\end{matrix}$

then if L₁₀/σ_([) ACE₁₀ ]≧x, we have P{|ace₁₀|≦x}≧y

Let y be a target for expected CPS2 compliance as calculated in Eq.(13), that is,

$\begin{matrix}{{y = {{1 - p_{T - t}} = {p_{{cps}\; 2} - \frac{{( {1 - p_{{cps}\; 2}} ) \cdot n_{t}} - v_{t}}{n_{T - t}}}}},} & (15)\end{matrix}$

the normalized ace₁₀ target x can be immediately computed from equations(14) and (15). For example, when y=0.9, x=1.65.

With L₁₀/σ_([) ACE₁₀ ]≧x, we have σ_([) ACE₁₀ ]≦L₁₀/x.

Since σ_([ ACE₁₀ ]) can be calculated using an average approach(approximation of the expectation of [ ACE₁₀ ]²), we can readilycalculate the CPS2 ACE ten-minute target for the next 10-minuteinterval.

That is, from

${( {{\sum\limits_{i = 1}^{t - 1}\lbrack \overset{\_}{{ACE}_{10}} \rbrack^{2}} + \lbrack \overset{\_}{{ACE}_{10}} \rbrack^{2}} )/( {t - 1} )} = {L_{10}/x}$

calculate

$\begin{matrix}{{\lbrack \overset{\_}{{ACE}_{10}} \rbrack_{t}} = \sqrt{( {( {t - 1} ) \times {L_{10}/x}} ) - {\sum\limits_{i = 1}^{t - 1}\lbrack \overset{\_}{{ACE}_{10}} \rbrack_{i}^{2}}}} & (15)\end{matrix}$

This value can be used as the CPS2 target that affects the controlamount.

In an embodiment that permits the operator to adjust the calculatedten-minute ACE target, a gain is introduced and denoted as g_(ace10).This gain has a default value of 1.0, and can be manually changed by theoperator.

If the overall CPS2 performance for the current month to the current tenminute interval is better than desired, the operator can increase theten-minute ACE target by lowering the gain g_(ace10), which implies thatthe absolute value of the running ten-minute ACE above the 10-minute ACEtarget without using the gain could be below the adjusted 10-minute ACEtarget using the gain. This reduces the number of control actions toachieve better system economics with an appropriate sacrifice of theoverall CPS2 performance, yet ensuring that the resulting overall CPS2performance at the end of the reporting period is still slightly abovethe desired (compliant) value.

If the overall CPS2 performance for the current month to the current tenminute interval is worse than desired, the operator can decrease theten-minute ACE target by increasing the gain g_(ace10), which impliesthat the absolute value of the running ten-minute ACE below theten-minute ACE target without using the gain could be above the adjustedten-minute ACE target after using the gain, hence increasing the numberof control actions to improve the overall CPS2 performance over theremaining 10-minute time periods of the current month.

It is noted that the operator-determined variable compliance targetp_(cps2) defined above, also allows the operator to affect the CPS2value at the end of the current month.

The CPS2 control scheme of the invention demands that CPS based AGC musttake appropriate control actions such that the absolute value of thecurrent 10-minute ACE average is below the calculated CPS2 target, asshown in Eq. (15).

To determine the CPS2-based correction, the clock 10-minute ACE uppertarget ACE10_(i) ^(U) and lower target ACE10_(i) ^(L) are defined asfollows:

$\begin{matrix}{{{ACE}\; 10_{t}^{U}} = {{g_{{ace}\; 10}} \times \sqrt{( {( {t - 1} ) \times {L_{10}/x}} ) - {\sum\limits_{i = 1}^{t - 1}\lbrack \overset{\_}{{ACE}_{10}} \rbrack_{i}^{2}}}}} & (16) \\{{{ACE}\; 10_{t}^{L}} = {{- {g_{{ace}\; 10}}} \times \sqrt{( {( {t - 1} ) \times {L_{10}/^{\prime}x}} ) - {\sum\limits_{i = 1}^{t - 1}\lbrack \overset{\_}{{ACE}_{10}} \rbrack_{i}^{2}}}}} & (17)\end{matrix}$

The corrective control amount (or correction) based on this CPS2 controlscheme is calculated as follows, and used to determine the system totaldesired generation, which is applicable to each AGC cycle j of eachclock 10-minute interval t:

-   -   1. Calculate the CPS2 clock ten minute ACE upper target        ACE10_(t) ^(U) and lower target ACE10_(i) ^(L) for the current        ten-minute time interval as shown in Eqs. (16) and (17) above.    -   2. Calculate the deviations of the instantaneous ACE, ACE_(j),        during a clock ten-minute period from both of its ten-minute ACE        upper and lower targets, respectively. The deviation of ACE from        its upper target is denoted Delta_ACE_(j,From) _(—) _(Upper) and        calculated as

Delta_ACE_(j,From) _(—) _(Upper)=ACE_(j)−ACE10_(t) ^(U);

-   -    and similarly, the deviation of ACE from its lower target is        denoted by Delta_ACE_(j,From) _(—) _(Lower) and calculated as

Delta_ACE_(j,From) _(—) _(Lower)=ACE_(j)−ACE_(t) ^(L).

-   -   3. Sum up Delta_ACE_(j,From) _(—) _(Upper)'s and        Delta_ACE_(j,From) _(—) _(Lower)'s respectively, from the        beginning of the current ten-minute time interval up to the        immediately previous AGC control cycle (including the        immediately previous AGC control cycle), and denote these sums        by

Sum_(—) dACE _(t, From) _(—) _(Upper) ^(j) and

Sum_dACE_(t,From) _(—) _(Lower) ^(j)

-   -    for inclusion of relevant samples of up to cycle j within the        clock minute t.    -   4. Record the number of AGC control cycles from the beginning of        the current ten-minute time interval up to the immediately        previous AGC control cycle, and denote this number as        Sum_Cycles_(t) ^(j). Similarly sum the instantaneous ACE's from        the beginning of the current ten-minute time interval to the        immediately previous AGC control cycle and denote this number by        Sum_ACE_(t) ^(j).    -   5. Calculate the running 10-minute ACE average Avg10_ACE_(t)        ^(j) for the time period up to the immediately previous AGC        control cycle as

${{Avg}\; 10{\_ ACE}_{t}^{j}} = \frac{{Sum\_ ACE}_{t}^{j}}{{Sum\_ Cycles}_{t}^{j}}$

-   -   6. Determine the correction amount as follows:        -   a. If 0≦Avg10_ACE_(t) ^(j)<ACE10_(t) ^(U), correction amount            is 0, this implies that no CPS2 correction is needed.        -   b. If ACE10_(t) ^(L)<Avg10_ACE_(t) ^(j)<0, correction amount            is 0, this implies that no CPS2 correction is needed.        -   c. Otherwise, there will be CPS2 correction and the            correction amount Correction_(j) is calculated as follows:            -   If Avg10_ACE_(t) ^(j)≧ACE10_(i) ^(U) then

Correction_(j)=−(Sum_(—) dACE _(t,From) _(—) _(Upper) ^(j−1) +ACE_(j))=−(Sum_(—) dACE _(t,From) _(—) _(Upper) ^(j) +ACE10_(t) ^(U))

-   -   -   -   If Avg10_ACE_(t) ^(j)≦ACE10_(t) ^(U), then

Correction_(j)=−(Sum_(—) dACE _(t,From) _(—) _(Lower) ^(j−1) +ACE_(j))=−(Sum_(—) dACE _(t,From) _(—) _(Lower) ^(j) +ACE10_(t) ^(U))

-   -   -   -   This correction is clamped to the system allowed single                AGC cycle maximum correction in quantity without                considering the sign. The first term in the expression                of Correction_(j) is simply an integral action that is                taken in negative feedback to reduce the integrated                deviation of the instantaneous ACE from its 10-minute                average ACE.

Since CPS2 control has higher priority than CPS1 control, if CPS2correction and CPS1 correction are in the same direction, the largercorrection amount will be used for AGC control; if CPS1 correction andCPS2 correction are in opposite direction, only CPS2 correction will beused for AGC control, and CPS1 correction is ignored; if CPS1 correctionis zero and CPS2 is non-zero, CPS2 correction will be used for AGCcontrol; if CPS2 correction is zero and CPS1 is non-zero, CPS1correction will be used for AGC control; if both CPS1 correction andCPS2 correction are zero's, no CPS correction will be included in AGCcontrol.

If ACE does not change sign during an entire clock-minute, then theabove control scheme identifies the clock ten-minute ACE target that hasthe same sign as ACE during the entire clock ten-minute, which is adesired situation. If the ACE value changes sign during the clock10-minute interval, correction to the clock ten-minute ACE target thathas the same sign as the running clock ten-minute ACE average is theleast correction that the system needs to move the running clockten-minute ACE average within the range determined by the lower andupper clock ten-minute ACE targets. The accumulation of deviation fromone clock ten-minute ACE target partially cancels out the accumulationof deviation from the another clock 10-minute ACE target.

By following the above control scheme, if the system responds to makecorrections as desired, the sum of ACE deviation from the ACE target isconstrained within the desired range determined by the upper CPS2 ACEtarget and the lower CPS2 ACE target.

For the first AGC cycle of a clock ten-minute interval, if ACE isoutside the desired range determined by the clock-minute ACE targets,then the correction is negative ACE. In another embodiment a dead-bandis added to each of the two clock 10-minute ACE targets (upper andlower) to avoid the running clock-minute ACE average swinging around theclock ten-minute ACE targets (which could be triggered by any randomfactors that affect ACE) and to decrease the likelihood of the clockten-minute ACE average going out of the desired range near the end ofany clock ten-minute. For example, let the dead-band of the upper clock10-minute ACE target be specified as 10% of the ACE target.

-   -   If ACE10_(t) ^(U)>Avg10_ACE_(t) ^(j)≧0.9*ACE10_(t) ^(U) and    -   0≦Avg10_ACE_(t) ^(j−1)<0.9*ACE10_(t) ^(U), no CPS2 correction is        issued.    -   If ACE10_(t) ^(U)>Avg10_ACE_(t) ^(j)≧0.9*ACE10_(t) ^(U) and        Avg10_ACE_(t) ^(j−1)≧ACE10_(t) ^(U), CPS2 correction is issued.    -   If Avg10_ACE_(t) ^(j)≧ACE10_(t) ^(U), CPS2 correction is issued.    -   If 0≦Avg10_ACE_(t) ^(j)<0.9*ACE_(t) ^(U), no CPS2 correction is        issued.

FIG. 1 is a block diagram of an exemplary energy management system 10that incorporates the teachings of the present invention. The energymanagement system 10 provides NERC compliant operation. An automaticgeneration control (AGC) database 14 stores all monitoring and controldata and applications related to the power system under operatormanagement, such as frequency and power values required to calculate theinstantaneous ACE values as described above. These operating values aresupplied by monitoring and control devices 16 such as sensors, andactuators and/or through a monitoring and control network such as aSCADA network.

A CPS1 module 20 and a CPS2 module 24 receive data form AGC database 16for performing the computations as described above to control the systemand render the system compliant with the NERC CPS1 and CPS2 values.Further the CPS1 and CPS2 modules 20 and 24 store calculation resultsand historical data for use in the CPS1 and CPS2 calculations describedabove. It should be understood that a reference to a module includes butis not limited to a set of instructions executable by a processor andmay take the form of software, firmware or hardware or any combinationthereof. Moreover, a processor should be understood to mean one or morecomputing devices or hardware devices that execute the commands in theset of instructions.

A decision control module 30 receives real-time input from the separateCPS modules 20 and 24 and makes AGC decisions based on signal priorityand other control factors known by those skilled in the art. Forexample, the control signals generated from the CPS1 and CPS2 modules 20and 24 may be assigned priorities as to their effect on the AGC signal.Generally, the CPS2 module results are given a higher priority than theCPS1 module results.

After the decision control module 30 has determined the correctiveaction, the module 30 issues a command to the generation allocationmodule 34 to implement the necessary AGC regulation, which ensurescompliance to the CPS1 and CPS2 standards, to available generators. Theallocation of MW generation to available generators is based on assignedparticipation factors and generator physical, operational and economiccharacteristics. Further, the allocation is implemented to maintain theoverall unit generation requirement stable and prevent excessive unitmaneuvering.

The flow charts of FIGS. 2 and 3 depict the steps described above forcontrol of a power system responsive to predicted values of CPS1 andCPS2.

At a step 100 of FIG. 2 a CPS1 compliance target is determined. At astep 104 the number of clock periods from the beginning of the periodand to the end of the period are determined. The average X₁ and X₂values are determined at respective steps 108 and 112. The clock minuteACE target is determined at a step 116. Upper and lower ACE targets aredetermined at a step 130. Deviations for the upper and lower targets arecalculated at a step 134 and the deviations summed at a step 138. Usingthe values determined at a step 142, the one-minute ACE running averageis determined at a step 146. The ACE correction amount is determined ata step 150 and applied to the power system at a step 154.

At a step 200 of FIG. 3 a CPS2 compliance target is determined. At astep 204 the ACE target is determined and the upper and lower ACEtargets are determined at a step 208. Deviations for the upper and lowertargets are calculated at a step 212 and the deviations summed at a step216. Using the values determined at a step 220, the ten-minute ACErunning average is determined at a step 224. The ACE correction amountis determined at a step 228 and applied to the power system at a step232.

Persons skilled in the art recognize that an apparatus, such as a dataprocessing system, including a CPU, memory, I/O, program storage, aconnecting bus, and other appropriate components, could be programmed orotherwise designed to facilitate the practice of the method embodimentsof the invention, including the flowcharts of FIGS. 2 and 3. Such asystem includes appropriate programs or applications for executing themethods of these embodiments. Software applications within the systemcan be used to perform the various calculations and logical operationsdescribed herein. Certain applications may be beneficially used toperform certain operations and other applications may be beneficiallyused to perform other operations.

Data processing systems, tools, modules and applications presentlyoperative in a power system can be used to perform the calculations andoperations associated with the present invention. The segregation of thecalculations and operations among such systems, tools, modules andapplications, such as database applications and calculating tools,depends on the availability of such computing resources.

In another embodiment, an article of manufacture, such as a pre-recordeddisk or other computer program product, for use with a data processingsystem, includes a storage medium and a program recorded thereon fordirecting the data processing system to facilitate practicing themethods of the inventions. Such apparatuses and articles of manufacturealso fall within the spirit and scope of the inventions.

The inventions are described in the general context ofcomputer-executable instructions, such as program modules, executed by acomputer. Generally, program modules include routines, programs,objects, components, data structures, etc. that perform particular tasksor implement particular abstract data types. For example, the softwareprograms that underlie the inventions can be coded in differentlanguages, for use with different processing platforms. It will beappreciated that the principles that underlie the invention can beimplemented with different types of computer software technologies.

Moreover, those skilled in the art will appreciate that the inventionembodiments may be practiced with different computer systemconfigurations, including hand-held devices, multiprocessor systems,microprocessor-based or programmable consumer electronics,minicomputers, mainframe computers, and the like. The embodiments mayalso be practiced in a distributed computing environment where tasks areperformed by remote processing devices that are linked through acommunications network. In the distributed computing environment,program modules may be located in both local and remote computer storagemedia including memory storage devices.

While various embodiments of the present invention have been shown anddescribed herein, it will be obvious that such embodiments are providedby way of example only. Numerous variations, changes and substitutionsmay be made without departing from the invention herein. Accordingly, itis intended that the invention be limited only by the spirit and scopeof the appended claims.

1. A method for controlling a power system control area according to acontrol performance standard, wherein operation of the control areadetermines area control parameter values and control performancestandard values, the method comprising: (a) determining a controlperformance standard compliance target; (b) determining a statisticalmeasure of control performance standard values from a beginning of acompliance period to a time t at which the statistical measure isdetermined; (c) determining an area control parameter target responsiveto the statistical measure; (d) determining a relationship between thearea control parameter values and the area control parameter target overa prior time interval; (e) determining an area control parametercorrection responsive to the relationship determined at a step (d); (f)controlling the power system control area responsive to the area controlparameter correction; and (g) periodically repeating steps (b)-(f) untilan end of the compliance period.
 2. The method of claim 1 wherein thestatistical measure comprises an average of the control performancestandard values, and a step (b) further comprises; (b1) determining anaverage of the area control parameter values over a one minute timeinterval; (b2) determining an average of frequency bias values over theone minute time interval; (b3) determining an average of frequencydeviation values over the one minute time interval; (b4) determining theaverage control performance standard responsive to the average valuesdetermined at steps (b1)-(b3).
 3. The method of claim 1 wherein the step(d) further comprises determining an average of the area controlparameter values over the prior time interval and determining adifference between the average of the area control parameter valuesduring the prior time interval and the area control parameter target,the difference representing the relationship.
 4. The method of claim 3wherein the prior time interval comprises a number of automaticgeneration control cycles from a beginning of an immediately priorminute to the time at which the average is determined.
 5. The method ofclaim 1 wherein the step (d) further comprises determining instantaneousarea control parameter values during the prior time interval andaccumulating a difference between each of the instantaneous area controlparameter values and the area control parameter target, the differencerepresenting the relationship.
 6. The method of claim 5 wherein theprior time interval comprises a number of automatic generation controlcycles from a beginning of an immediately prior minute to the time atwhich the average is determined.
 7. The method of claim 1 wherein thecontrol performance standard values are responsive to an average of areacontrol error values over a defined time interval and an average offrequency difference values over a defined time interval.
 8. The methodof claim 1 wherein the statistical measure comprises an average, thecontrol performance standard comprises a CPS1 control performancestandard, the compliance target comprises 100% and the compliance periodcomprises one year.
 9. The method of claim 1 wherein the statisticalmeasure is responsive to an assumed probability density function for thecontrol performance standard, the control performance standard comprisesa CPS2 control performance standard, the compliance target comprises 90%and the compliance period comprises one calendar month.
 10. The methodof claim 1 wherein the area control parameter values comprise ACE valuesand the area control parameter target comprises an ACE target.
 11. Themethod of claim 1 wherein a step (f) further comprises controlling thepower system control area responsive to the area control parametercorrection within constraints imposed by operation of the power systemcontrol area.
 12. The method of claim 1 wherein the beginning of thecompliance period of a step (b) further comprises a beginning of a montheleven months prior to the current month and the end of the complianceperiod of a step (g) further comprises an end of the current month,wherein the compliance period comprises twelve months.
 13. The method ofclaim 1 wherein the steps (b) and (c) are executed once per clock minuteand the steps (d) through (f) are executed for each automatic generationcontrol cycle.
 14. The method of claim 13 wherein the steps (d) and (e)are executed at the end of each automatic generation control cycle andthe step (f) further comprises controlling the power system control arearesponsive to the area control parameter correction during a nextautomatic generation control cycle.
 15. The method of claim 14 whereinan automatic generation control cycle comprises four seconds.
 16. Themethod of claim 1 wherein a step (c) further comprises determining anarea control parameter target responsive to the statistical measure andmultiplying the area control parameter target by a gain multiplier. 17.The method of claim 1 wherein the statistical measure comprises anaverage and the control performance standard value comprises CPS1 and isdetermined from${{CPS}\; 1} = {{{AVG}_{12 - {month}}\lbrack {( \frac{{ACE}_{i}}{{- 10}\; B_{i}} )_{i}\Delta \; F_{i}} \rbrack} \leq ɛ_{i}^{2}}$18. The method of claim 1 wherein a step (c) further comprisesdetermining a first actual average performance standard responsive tocontrol performance standard values from a beginning of the complianceperiod to the time t at which the first actual average is determined,and a second desired average performance standard from the time t to theend of the compliance period, wherein the second desired average isresponsive to the first actual average, and wherein the area controlparameter target is responsive to the second desired average.
 19. Themethod of claim 18 wherein the first average is determined from${AVG}_{{n_{t}{Clock}} - {{MinuteTime}\mspace{14mu} {Intervals}}}\lbrack {( \frac{{ACE}_{i}}{{- 10}\; B_{i}} )_{i}\Delta \; F_{i}} \rbrack$and the second average is determined fromX ₂≦[(n _(t) +n _(T-t))(2−p _(cps1))ε₁ ² −n _(t) X ₁ ]/n _(T-t)
 20. Themethod of claim 19 wherein the term ΔF_(i) comprises an averagefrequency error for a prior time interval or comprises a largestabsolute value clock-minute average frequency error, including a sign ofthe largest absolute value clock-minute average frequency error.
 21. Themethod of claim 1 wherein the area control parameter target isdetermined fromACE _(t,Target)={[(n _(t) +n _(T-t))(2−p _(cps1))ε₁ ² −n _(t) X ₁ ]/n_(T-t)}(−10B _(i))/[g _(ΛF)×(ΔF _(i))_(m)] and wherein the gainparameter g_(Δf) comprises a default value of one or a value of anotherpositive real number.
 22. The method of claim 1 wherein the step (b)further comprises; (b1) determining an average of the area controlparameter values over a ten minute time interval; (b2) determining astatistical representation of a plurality of averages of the areacontrol parameters values determined at a step (b1); (b3) determiningthe statistical measure of the control performance standard valuesresponsive to the steps (b1) and (b2).
 23. The method of claim 1 whereinthe beginning of the compliance period of a step (b) further comprises abeginning of a current calendar month and the end of the complianceperiod of a step (g) further comprises an end of the current month. 24.The method of claim 23 wherein the steps (b) and (c) are executed onceper ten clock minutes and the steps (d) through (f) are executed foreach automatic generation control cycle.
 25. The method of claim 1wherein the control performance standard comprises CPS2 and thestatistical measure is determined fromP{|[ ACE₁₀ ]|≦L₁₀ }≧p _(cps2)
 26. The method of claim 1 wherein the areacontrol parameter target is determined from${\lbrack \overset{\_}{{ACE}_{10}} \rbrack_{t}} = {\sqrt{( {( {t - 1} ) \times {L_{10}/x}} ) - {\sum\limits_{i = 1}^{t - 1}\lbrack \overset{\_}{{ACE}_{10}} \rbrack_{i}^{2}}}.}$27. A method for controlling a power system control area during acontrol cycle j of a control interval i according to a controlperformance standard, wherein operation of the control area determinesarea control parameter values and control performance standard values,the method comprising: (a) determining a control performance standardcompliance target; (b) determining a statistical measure of the controlperformance standard responsive to the control performance standardvalues from a beginning of a compliance period to a time t at which theaverage is determined; (c) determining an area control parameter uppertarget and lower target responsive to the statistical measure; (d)determining a first deviation of each area control parameter value fromthe upper target and a second deviation of each area control parametervalue from the lower target, from the beginning of the control intervali to a control cycle j−1; (e) summing the first deviations to produce afirst sum and summing the second deviations to produce a second sum; (f)determining an average area control parameter responsive to the areacontrol parameter values from the beginning of the control interval i tothe control cycle j−1; (g) determining a relationship between theaverage area control parameter and the upper target; (h) determining arelationship between the average area control parameter and the lowertarget; and (i) determining a correction amount to be applied to thearea control parameter for the control cycle j, the correction amountresponsive to the relationships determined at the steps (g) and (h) andthe first and the second sums or determining that a correction amount isnot required.
 28. The method of claim 27 wherein the relationship of thestep (g) comprises the average area control parameter greater than zeroand less than the upper target, and wherein responsive to therelationship of the step (g) the step (i) further comprises determiningthat a correction amount is not required.
 29. The method of claim 27wherein the relationship of the step (h) comprises the average areacontrol parameter less than zero and greater than the lower target, andwherein responsive to the relationship of the step (ha) the step (i)further comprises determining that a correction amount is not required.30. The method of claim 27 the step (i) further comprising for theaverage area control parameter greater than the upper target accordingto the step (g), determining a correction amount of a negative of aquantity including the first sum and the area control parameter of thecontrol cycle j.
 31. The method of claim 27 the step (i) furthercomprising for the average area control parameter greater than the uppertarget according to the step (g), determining a correction amount of anegative of a quantity including the first sum, a deviation of the areacontrol parameter of the control cycle j from the upper target and theupper target.
 32. The method of claim 27 the step (i) further comprisingfor the average area control parameter less than the lower target,determining a correction amount of a negative of a quantity includingthe second sum and the area control parameter of the control cycle j.33. The method of claim 27 the step (i) further comprising for theaverage area control parameter less than the lower target according tothe step (h), determining a correction amount of a negative of aquantity including the second sum, a deviation of the area controlparameter of the control cycle j from the lower target and the lowertarget.
 34. The method of claim 27 wherein step (g) further comprisesdetermining a relationship between the average determined at the step(f) and a fraction of the upper target.
 35. The method of claim 27wherein step (h) further comprises determining a relationship betweenthe average determined at the step (f) and a fraction of the lowertarget.
 36. The method of claim 27 wherein the control performancestandard comprises CPS1, the statistical measure comprises an average,the compliance target comprises 100%, the compliance period comprisesone year, and the upper target is determined according toACE _(i) ^(U)=|{[(n _(t) +n _(T-t))(2−p _(cps1))ε₁ ² −n _(t) X ₁ ]/n_(T-t)}(−10B _(i))/[g _(ΛF)×(ΔF _(i))_(m)]| and the lower target isdetermined according toACE _(i) ^(L)=−|{[(n _(t) +n _(T-t))(2−p _(cps1))ε₁ ² −n _(t) X ₁ ]/n_(T-t)}(−10B _(i))/[g _(ΛF)×(ΔF _(i))_(m)]|
 37. The method of claim 27wherein the control performance standard comprises CPS1, the statisticalmeasure comprises an average, the compliance target comprises 100% andthe compliance period comprises one year, the upper target is determinedaccording toACE _(i) ^(U)=|{[(n _(t) +n _(T-t))(2−p _(cps1))ε₁ ² −n _(t) X ₁ ]/n_(T-t)}(−10B _(i))/[(ΔF _(i))]| and the lower target is determinedaccording toACE _(i) ^(L)=−|{[(n _(t) +n _(T-t))(2−p _(cps1))ε₁ ² −n _(t) X ₁ ]/n_(T-t)}(−10B _(i))/[(ΔF _(i))]|
 38. The method of claim 27 wherein astep (c) further comprises using a gain factor to determine the upperand lower targets.
 39. The method of claim 27 wherein the controlperformance standard comprises CPS2, the statistical measure isresponsive to an assumed probability density function for the controlperformance standard, the control performance standard comprises a CPS2control performance standard, the compliance target comprises 90% andthe compliance period comprises one calendar month, the upper target isdetermined according to${{ACE}\; 10_{t}^{U}} = {{g_{{ace}\; 10}} \times \sqrt{( {( {t - 1} ) \times {L_{10}/x}} ) - {\sum\limits_{i = 1}^{t - 1}\lbrack \overset{\_}{{ACE}_{10}} \rbrack_{i}^{2}}}}$and the lower target is determined according to${{ACE}\; 10_{t}^{L}} = {{- {g_{{ace}\; 10}}} \times \sqrt{( {( {t - 1} ) \times {L_{10}/x}} ) - {\sum\limits_{i = 1}^{t - 1}\lbrack \overset{\_}{{ACE}_{10}} \rbrack_{i}^{2}}}}$40. The method of claim 27 wherein the control performance standardcomprises CPS2, the statistical measure is responsive to an assumedprobability density function for the control performance standard, thecompliance target comprises 90% and the compliance period comprises onecalendar month, the upper target is determined according to${{ACE}\; 10_{t}^{U}} = \sqrt{( {( {t - 1} ) \times {L_{10}/x}} ) - {\sum\limits_{i = 1}^{t - 1}\lbrack \overset{\_}{{ACE}_{10}} \rbrack_{i}^{2}}}$and the lower target is determined according to${{ACE}\; 10_{t}^{L}} = {- \sqrt{( {( {t - 1} ) \times {L_{10}/x}} ) - {\sum\limits_{i = 1}^{t - 1}\lbrack \overset{\_}{{ACE}_{10}} \rbrack_{i}^{2}}}}$41. The method of claim 27 wherein a step (c) further comprises using again factor to determine the upper and lower targets.
 42. A method forcontrolling a power system control area according to a first and asecond control performance standard, wherein operation of the controlarea determines area control parameter values, the method comprising:(a) determining a first compliance target for the first performancestandard and a second compliance target for the second performancestandard; (b) determining a first performance standard statisticalmeasure responsive to the control area parameter values from a beginningof a first compliance period to a time at which the first average isdetermined; (c) determining a second performance standard statisticalmeasure responsive to the control area parameter values from a beginningof a second compliance period to a time at which the second average isdetermined; (d) determining a first area control parameter targetresponsive to the first performance standard statistical measure; (e)determining a second area control parameter target responsive to thesecond performance standard statistical measure; (f) determining a firstarea control parameter correction responsive to the first area controlparameter target and the area control parameter values; (g) determininga second area control parameter correction responsive to the second areacontrol parameter target and the area control parameter values; and (h)controlling the power system according to one or both of the first andthe second area control parameter corrections.
 43. The method of claim42 wherein the second area control parameter has a higher priority thanthe first area control parameter, wherein if the first and the secondcorrections are in a same direction, a correction having the greatervalue is used according to the step (i), wherein if the first and thesecond correction are in an opposite direction, the second correction isused according to the step (i), if one of the first and the secondcorrections is substantially zero, the non-zero correction is usedaccording to the step (i).
 44. The method of claim 42 wherein the firstarea control parameter comprises CPS1 and the second area controlparameter comprise CPS2.
 45. The method of claim 42 wherein the firstcompliance target comprises 100%, the first compliance period comprisesa calendar year, the second compliance target comprises 90% and thesecond compliance period comprises a calendar month.
 46. An apparatusfor controlling a power system control area according to a first and asecond control performance standard, the apparatus comprising: a database for storing area control parameter values determined fromoperational parameters of the power system control area a first modulefor determining a first measure of a first control performance standardresponsive to the operational parameters from a beginning of a firstcompliance period to the time at which the first measure is determined;a second module for determining a second measure of a second controlperformance standard responsive to the operational parameters from abeginning of a second compliance period to the time at which the secondmeasure is determined; a third module for determining a first areacontrol parameter target responsive to the first measure and to acompliance target for the first control performance standard, and fordetermining a second area control parameter target responsive to thesecond measure and to a compliance target for the second controlperformance standard; a fourth module for determining a first areacontrol parameter correction responsive to a first area controlparameter target and the area control parameter values and fordetermining a second area control parameter correction responsive to thesecond area control parameter target and the area control parametervalues; and a fifth module for controlling the power system control areaaccording to one or both of the first and the second area controlparameter corrections.
 47. The apparatus of claim 46 wherein theoperational parameters comprise actual and scheduled incoming andoutgoing power flows and actual and scheduled interconnection frequency.48. The apparatus of claim 46 wherein the second area control parameterhas a higher priority than the first area control parameter, wherein ifthe first and the second area control parameter corrections are in asame direction, a correction having the greater absolute value is usedby the fifth module, wherein if the first and the second area controlparameter corrections are in an opposite direction, the secondcorrection is used by the fifth module, if one of the first and thesecond area control parameter corrections is substantially zero, anon-zero correction is used by the fifth module.
 49. The apparatus ofclaim 46 wherein the first area control parameter comprises CPS1 and thesecond area control parameter comprise CPS2.
 50. The apparatus of claim46 wherein the compliance target for the first control performancestandard comprises 100%, the first compliance period comprises acalendar year, the compliance target for the second control performancestandard comprises 90% and the second compliance period comprises acalendar month.
 51. The apparatus of claim 46 wherein the first and thesecond measures are determined from the beginning of the respectivefirst and second compliance periods to a time t, wherein the fourthmodule determines the first area control parameter correction responsiveto the first area control parameter target and the area controlparameter values to the time t and determines the second area controlparameter correction responsive to the second area control parametertarget and the area control parameter values to the time t.
 52. Acomputer program product for controlling a power system control areaduring a control cycle j of a control interval i according to a controlperformance standard, wherein operation of the control area determinesarea control parameter values and control performance standard values,the computer program product comprising: a computer usable medium havingcomputer readable program code modules embodied in the medium forcontrolling the power system control area; a computer readable firstprogram code module for determining a control performance standardcompliance target; a computer readable second code module fordetermining a statistical measure of the control performance standardresponsive to the control performance standard values from a beginningof a compliance period to a time t at which the statistical measure isdetermined; a computer readable third program code module fordetermining an area control parameter upper target and lower targetresponsive to the statistical measure; a computer readable fourthprogram code module for determining a first deviation of each areacontrol parameter value from the upper target and a second deviation ofeach area control parameter value from the lower target, from thebeginning of the control interval i to a control cycle j−1; a computerreadable fifth program code module for summing the first deviations toproduce a first sum and summing the second deviations to produce asecond sum; a computer readable sixth program code module fordetermining an average area control parameter responsive to the areacontrol parameter values from the beginning of the control interval i tothe control cycle j−1; a computer readable seventh program code modulefor determining a relationship between the average area controlparameter and the upper target; a computer readable eighth program codemodule for determining a relationship between the average area controlparameter and the lower target; and a computer readable ninth programcode module for determining a correction amount to be applied to thearea control parameter for the control cycle j, the correction amountresponsive to the relationships determined by the seventh and eighthprogram code modules and the first and the second sums or determiningthat a correction amount is not required.
 53. A computer program productfor controlling a power system control area according to a first and asecond control performance standard, wherein operation of the controlarea determines area control parameter values, the computer programproduct comprising: a computer usable medium having computer readableprogram code modules embodied in the medium for controlling the powersystem control area; a computer readable first program code module fordetermining a first compliance target for the first performance standardand a second compliance target for the second performance standard; acomputer readable second program code module for determining a firstperformance standard statistical measure responsive to the control areaparameter values from a beginning of a first compliance period to a timeat which the first average is determined; a computer readable thirdprogram code module for determining a second performance standardstatistical measure responsive to the control area parameter values froma beginning of a second compliance period to a time at which the secondaverage is determined; a computer readable fourth program code modulefor determining a first area control parameter target responsive to thefirst performance standard statistical measure; a computer readablefifth program code module for determining a second area controlparameter target responsive to the second performance standardstatistical measure; a computer readable sixth program code module fordetermining a first area control parameter correction responsive to thefirst area control parameter target and the area control parametervalues; a computer readable seventh program code module for determininga second area control parameter correction responsive to the second areacontrol parameter target and the area control parameter values; and acomputer readable eighth program code module for controlling the powersystem according to one or both of the first and the second area controlparameter corrections.